First, thanks for such an erudite article.

Here is where I think 'the Enlightenment' went wrong: it equated 'reason' with rationality. Even worse, Critical Theory and postmodernism have perpetuated that mistake. Modernity, further equating secularity with objectivity (to arrive at paradigms of governance as universal the findings of science are), ended up substituting ideology for theology.

Ideologies are based on beliefs as surely as any theology is. All beliefs are extra-rational: they are not the product of the rational capacity of anyone. Whether a person believes in God, or the moral equality of human beings, or the inherent superiority/inferiority of one group of people or another, or the existence of a priori Rights, such as "Natural Rights," it is all the same. The products of reasoning from beliefs can be no more rational that the beliefs themselves are. (Marxism is radical equalitarianism.)

Beliefs divide people. They generate the most vicious "contests of power" (Foucault). To progress in the governance of society we must have an ethic of justice that is strictly rational, that does not involve any belief. Such an approach to justice can take us "Beyond Liberalism" (here in Medium, but not behind the paywall).